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棋牌彩票2023-01-31 16:05

共同加强“农业文化遗产保护”******

  作者:王克修(湖南省委党校二级教授、湖南省中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心研究员)

  党的二十大报告指出,要“加大文物和文化遗产保护力度”。习近平总书记向全球重要农业文化遗产大会致贺信指出,“人类在历史长河中创造了璀璨的农耕文明,保护农业文化遗产是人类共同的责任。”我国全球重要农业文化遗产增至18项,数量居世界首位。全球重要农业文化遗产工作由联合国粮农组织启动,经过20年发展,22个国家65个项目获此殊荣。虽然全球重要农业文化遗产工作取得了很大进展,但也面临一些困难:一些国家认识不到位,申报积极性不太高,覆盖范围不广泛,有的获得认定后也没有很好保护和利用,等等。中国可抓住机遇,积极作为,不断引领,为全球重要农业文化遗产保护持续贡献中国力量。

  全球重要农业文化遗产,是包含经济、生态、技术、文化、景观等多个层面的复合农业系统。被认定为全球重要农业文化遗产,具有重大意义。首先,展示了农业文明和中华优秀文化。农业生产实践、丰富的生态地理资源,创造了类型多样的农业文化遗产,成为向世界展示中国悠久农业文明和中华优秀文化的重要窗口。其次,助力乡村振兴战略的实施。农业文化遗产蕴含人地和谐的生态思想、丰富的农业生物多样性、环境友好的生态农业技术和有效的乡村治理理念,为乡村振兴提供借鉴。再次,为全球农业发展和生态文明提供宝贵智慧。一直以来,农耕文明为全球农业发展和生态文明贡献了中国智慧与中国方案。比如美国土壤学专家富兰克林,曾考察中国古老的农耕体系并著有《四千年农夫》。这本书成了美国有机农业的宝典。农业文化遗产是传统生态农业的精华,兼顾自然遗产、文化遗产和非物质文化遗产多重特征,可以为世界农业可持续发展做出新贡献。

  为应对生物多样性减少、生态系统退化、全球气候变化、荒漠化与土地退化、本土性传统知识丧失等可持续发展重大问题,联合国粮农组织2002年发起全球重要农业文化遗产保护倡议。中国是该倡议的最早响应者、坚定支持者、成功实践者、重要推动者和主要贡献者。“农业文化遗产保护”概念有丰富内涵与独特价值:一是农业文化遗产是传统农业而非落后农业。农业遗产不同于一般意义上的传统物种、传统技术或传统农业工具,它是一个复合性系统。传统农业不是落后农业,现代农业不是取代传统农业,而是改良和提升传统农业。二是传统农业是可持续的农业生产系统。短缺资源与庞大人口之间的矛盾,特别是乡土中国人地关系高度紧张,使得勤劳智慧的农民积累创造了一整套独特的、精耕细作的传统农业耕作体系。中国传统农业从来就是循环可持续的农业,是“资源节约环境友好”型的生态农业,是人与自然和谐的有机农业。三是传统农业蕴含着生态大智慧。农耕文明最为可贵之处在于其顺天应时、取用有度、御欲尚俭、生态循环、多样平衡的实践智慧,以及“天人合一”“万物一体”“和而不同”的生态哲学。生态文明不是对工业文明的修修补补,而是需要时时从传统永续农耕中汲取营养,从而在认识论和世界观层面做出深刻改变。

  联合国粮农组织、联合国发展计划署、全球环境基金等国际组织或机构以及一些国家的政府,共同提出保护“全球重要农业文化遗产系统”。全球重要农业文化遗产的评审标准包括:一是具有独特的传统生产方式和知识体系。二是在当地能支撑粮食安全和生计安全。三是含有丰富的农业生物多样性和环境生物多样性。四是遗产地必须具备全球重要性和公共产品价值。五是景观独特秀美。全球重要农业文化遗产的品牌对于地方知名度的提升、名特优产品的发展以及基于良好生态环境和深厚民族文化来发展旅游,具有非常重要的价值。借助重要农业文化遗产保护平台,世界各国应进一步加强农耕文化和农耕文明的交流互动。立足新时代,推动建设文明新形态、构建人类命运共同体,需要我们持续推进农业文化遗产保护实践,进一步挖掘其各方面的传承利用价值。

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中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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